Australia

Business days calculator

Count working days in Australia (no Saturdays, Sundays or holidays)

Between two dates Add business days

Count working days in Australia (no Saturdays, Sundays or holidays)

This month Next 30 days Until year end +10 business days +15 business days +30 business days

16604

business days

From July 27, 2026 to January 28, 2092

Business day 16604
Weekend 6836
Holidays 487

23927 days in the period

23927

Total days

6836

Weekend

487

Holidays

Holidays in the period

Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2026
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2026
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2027
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2027
Good Friday Fri 26 Mar 2027
Easter Monday Mon 29 Mar 2027
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2027
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2027
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2027
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2027
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2028
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2028
Good Friday Fri 14 Apr 2028
Easter Monday Mon 17 Apr 2028
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2028
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2028
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2028
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2028
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2029
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2029
Good Friday Fri 30 Mar 2029
Easter Monday Mon 2 Apr 2029
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2029
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2029
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2029
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2029
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2030
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2030
Good Friday Fri 19 Apr 2030
Easter Monday Mon 22 Apr 2030
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2030
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2030
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2030
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2030
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2031
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2031
Good Friday Fri 11 Apr 2031
Easter Monday Mon 14 Apr 2031
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2031
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2031
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2031
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2031
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2032
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2032
Good Friday Fri 26 Mar 2032
Easter Monday Mon 29 Mar 2032
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2032
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2032
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2032
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2032
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2033
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2033
Good Friday Fri 15 Apr 2033
Easter Monday Mon 18 Apr 2033
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2033
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2033
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2033
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2033
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2034
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2034
Good Friday Fri 7 Apr 2034
Easter Monday Mon 10 Apr 2034
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2034
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2034
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2034
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2034
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2035
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2035
Good Friday Fri 23 Mar 2035
Easter Monday Mon 26 Mar 2035
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2035
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2035
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2035
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2035
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2036
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2036
Good Friday Fri 11 Apr 2036
Easter Monday Mon 14 Apr 2036
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2036
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2036
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2036
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2036
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2037
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2037
Good Friday Fri 3 Apr 2037
Easter Monday Mon 6 Apr 2037
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2037
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2037
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2037
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2037
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2038
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2038
Good Friday Fri 23 Apr 2038
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2038
Easter Monday Mon 26 Apr 2038
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2038
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2038
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2038
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2039
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2039
Good Friday Fri 8 Apr 2039
Easter Monday Mon 11 Apr 2039
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2039
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2039
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2039
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2039
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2040
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2040
Good Friday Fri 30 Mar 2040
Easter Monday Mon 2 Apr 2040
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2040
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2040
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2040
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2040
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2041
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2041
Good Friday Fri 19 Apr 2041
Easter Monday Mon 22 Apr 2041
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2041
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2041
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2041
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2041
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2042
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2042
Good Friday Fri 4 Apr 2042
Easter Monday Mon 7 Apr 2042
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2042
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2042
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2042
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2042
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2043
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2043
Good Friday Fri 27 Mar 2043
Easter Monday Mon 30 Mar 2043
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2043
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2043
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2043
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2043
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2044
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2044
Good Friday Fri 15 Apr 2044
Easter Monday Mon 18 Apr 2044
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2044
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2044
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2044
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2044
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2045
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2045
Good Friday Fri 7 Apr 2045
Easter Monday Mon 10 Apr 2045
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2045
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2045
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2045
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2045
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2046
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2046
Good Friday Fri 23 Mar 2046
Easter Monday Mon 26 Mar 2046
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2046
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2046
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2046
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2046
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2047
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2047
Good Friday Fri 12 Apr 2047
Easter Monday Mon 15 Apr 2047
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2047
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2047
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2047
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2047
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2048
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2048
Good Friday Fri 3 Apr 2048
Easter Monday Mon 6 Apr 2048
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2048
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2048
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2048
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2048
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2049
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2049
Good Friday Fri 16 Apr 2049
Easter Monday Mon 19 Apr 2049
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2049
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2049
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2049
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2049
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2050
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2050
Good Friday Fri 8 Apr 2050
Easter Monday Mon 11 Apr 2050
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2050
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2050
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2050
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2050
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2051
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2051
Good Friday Fri 31 Mar 2051
Easter Monday Mon 3 Apr 2051
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2051
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2051
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2051
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2051
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2052
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2052
Good Friday Fri 19 Apr 2052
Easter Monday Mon 22 Apr 2052
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2052
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2052
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2052
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2052
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2053
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2053
Good Friday Fri 4 Apr 2053
Easter Monday Mon 7 Apr 2053
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2053
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2053
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2053
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2053
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2054
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2054
Good Friday Fri 27 Mar 2054
Easter Monday Mon 30 Mar 2054
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2054
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2054
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2054
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2054
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2055
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2055
Good Friday Fri 16 Apr 2055
Easter Monday Mon 19 Apr 2055
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2055
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2055
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2055
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2055
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2056
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2056
Good Friday Fri 31 Mar 2056
Easter Monday Mon 3 Apr 2056
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2056
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2056
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2056
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2056
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2057
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2057
Good Friday Fri 20 Apr 2057
Easter Monday Mon 23 Apr 2057
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2057
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2057
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2057
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2057
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2058
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2058
Good Friday Fri 12 Apr 2058
Easter Monday Mon 15 Apr 2058
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2058
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2058
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2058
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2058
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2059
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2059
Good Friday Fri 28 Mar 2059
Easter Monday Mon 31 Mar 2059
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2059
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2059
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2059
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2059
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2060
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2060
Good Friday Fri 16 Apr 2060
Easter Monday Mon 19 Apr 2060
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2060
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2060
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2060
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2060
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2061
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2061
Good Friday Fri 8 Apr 2061
Easter Monday Mon 11 Apr 2061
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2061
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2061
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2061
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2061
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2062
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2062
Good Friday Fri 24 Mar 2062
Easter Monday Mon 27 Mar 2062
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2062
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2062
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2062
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2062
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2063
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2063
Good Friday Fri 13 Apr 2063
Easter Monday Mon 16 Apr 2063
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2063
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2063
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2063
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2063
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2064
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2064
Good Friday Fri 4 Apr 2064
Easter Monday Mon 7 Apr 2064
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2064
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2064
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2064
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2064
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2065
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2065
Good Friday Fri 27 Mar 2065
Easter Monday Mon 30 Mar 2065
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2065
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2065
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2065
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2065
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2066
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2066
Good Friday Fri 9 Apr 2066
Easter Monday Mon 12 Apr 2066
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2066
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2066
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2066
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2066
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2067
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2067
Good Friday Fri 1 Apr 2067
Easter Monday Mon 4 Apr 2067
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2067
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2067
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2067
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2067
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2068
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2068
Good Friday Fri 20 Apr 2068
Easter Monday Mon 23 Apr 2068
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2068
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2068
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2068
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2068
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2069
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2069
Good Friday Fri 12 Apr 2069
Easter Monday Mon 15 Apr 2069
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2069
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2069
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2069
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2069
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2070
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2070
Good Friday Fri 28 Mar 2070
Easter Monday Mon 31 Mar 2070
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2070
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2070
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2070
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2070
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2071
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2071
Good Friday Fri 17 Apr 2071
Easter Monday Mon 20 Apr 2071
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2071
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2071
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2071
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2071
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2072
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2072
Good Friday Fri 8 Apr 2072
Easter Monday Mon 11 Apr 2072
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2072
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2072
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2072
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2072
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2073
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2073
Good Friday Fri 24 Mar 2073
Easter Monday Mon 27 Mar 2073
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2073
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2073
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2073
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2073
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2074
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2074
Good Friday Fri 13 Apr 2074
Easter Monday Mon 16 Apr 2074
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2074
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2074
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2074
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2074
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2075
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2075
Good Friday Fri 5 Apr 2075
Easter Monday Mon 8 Apr 2075
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2075
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2075
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2075
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2075
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2076
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2076
Good Friday Fri 17 Apr 2076
Easter Monday Mon 20 Apr 2076
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2076
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2076
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2076
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2076
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2077
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2077
Good Friday Fri 9 Apr 2077
Easter Monday Mon 12 Apr 2077
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2077
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2077
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2077
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2077
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2078
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2078
Good Friday Fri 1 Apr 2078
Easter Monday Mon 4 Apr 2078
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2078
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2078
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2078
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2078
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2079
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2079
Good Friday Fri 21 Apr 2079
Easter Monday Mon 24 Apr 2079
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2079
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2079
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2079
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2079
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2080
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2080
Good Friday Fri 5 Apr 2080
Easter Monday Mon 8 Apr 2080
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2080
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2080
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2080
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2080
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2081
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2081
Good Friday Fri 28 Mar 2081
Easter Monday Mon 31 Mar 2081
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2081
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2081
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2081
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2081
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2082
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2082
Good Friday Fri 17 Apr 2082
Easter Monday Mon 20 Apr 2082
Anzac Day Sat 25 Apr 2082
King's Birthday Mon 8 Jun 2082
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2082
Boxing Day Mon 28 Dec 2082
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2083
Australia Day Tue 26 Jan 2083
Good Friday Fri 2 Apr 2083
Easter Monday Mon 5 Apr 2083
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2083
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2083
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2083
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2083
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2084
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2084
Good Friday Fri 24 Mar 2084
Easter Monday Mon 27 Mar 2084
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2084
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2084
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2084
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2084
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2085
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2085
Good Friday Fri 13 Apr 2085
Easter Monday Mon 16 Apr 2085
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2085
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2085
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2085
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2085
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2086
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2086
Good Friday Fri 29 Mar 2086
Easter Monday Mon 1 Apr 2086
Anzac Day Thu 25 Apr 2086
King's Birthday Mon 10 Jun 2086
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2086
Boxing Day Thu 26 Dec 2086
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2087
Australia Day Mon 27 Jan 2087
Good Friday Fri 18 Apr 2087
Easter Monday Mon 21 Apr 2087
Anzac Day Fri 25 Apr 2087
King's Birthday Mon 9 Jun 2087
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2087
Boxing Day Fri 26 Dec 2087
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2088
Australia Day Mon 26 Jan 2088
Good Friday Fri 9 Apr 2088
Easter Monday Mon 12 Apr 2088
Anzac Day Sun 25 Apr 2088
King's Birthday Mon 14 Jun 2088
Christmas Day Mon 27 Dec 2088
Boxing Day Mon 27 Dec 2088
New Year's Day Mon 3 Jan 2089
Australia Day Wed 26 Jan 2089
Good Friday Fri 1 Apr 2089
Easter Monday Mon 4 Apr 2089
Anzac Day Mon 25 Apr 2089
King's Birthday Mon 13 Jun 2089
Christmas Day Mon 26 Dec 2089
Boxing Day Mon 26 Dec 2089
New Year's Day Mon 2 Jan 2090
Australia Day Thu 26 Jan 2090
Good Friday Fri 14 Apr 2090
Easter Monday Mon 17 Apr 2090
Anzac Day Tue 25 Apr 2090
King's Birthday Mon 12 Jun 2090
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2090
Boxing Day Tue 26 Dec 2090
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2091
Australia Day Fri 26 Jan 2091
Good Friday Fri 6 Apr 2091
Easter Monday Mon 9 Apr 2091
Anzac Day Wed 25 Apr 2091
King's Birthday Mon 11 Jun 2091
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2091
Boxing Day Wed 26 Dec 2091
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2092
Australia Day Mon 28 Jan 2092

Preguntas frecuentes

What counts as a business day?

In CivicCalendar a business day is a Monday–Friday that is not a legal holiday in Australia. Saturdays and Sundays are not counted.

Is the start day included?

Yes. In “Between two dates” mode both dates are inclusive. In “Add business days”, counting starts on the start date if that date is a business day.

Are regional holidays considered?

National holidays and regional holidays defined for the country are used. If a regional holiday does not apply to your area, the result may differ.

Is this an official calculation?

It is indicative according to current legislation and calendars loaded on the site. For critical legal or labor deadlines, confirm with the relevant rule or authority.