Ireland

Business days calculator

Count working days in Ireland (no Saturdays, Sundays or holidays)

Between two dates Add business days

Count working days in Ireland (no Saturdays, Sundays or holidays)

This month Next 30 days Until year end +10 business days +15 business days +30 business days

11636

business days

From March 17, 1980 to July 25, 2026

We swapped the dates because “to” was earlier than “from”.

Business day 11636
Weekend 4837
Holidays 459

16932 days in the period

16932

Total days

4837

Weekend

459

Holidays

Holidays in the period

Saint Patrick's Day Mon 17 Mar 1980
Good Friday Fri 4 Apr 1980
Easter Monday Mon 7 Apr 1980
May Day Mon 5 May 1980
June Holiday Mon 2 Jun 1980
August Holiday Mon 4 Aug 1980
October Holiday Mon 27 Oct 1980
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 1980
St. Stephen's Day Fri 26 Dec 1980
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 1981
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 2 Feb 1981
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 1981
Good Friday Fri 17 Apr 1981
Easter Monday Mon 20 Apr 1981
May Day Mon 4 May 1981
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 1981
August Holiday Mon 3 Aug 1981
October Holiday Mon 26 Oct 1981
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 1981
St. Stephen's Day Sat 26 Dec 1981
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 1982
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 1 Feb 1982
Saint Patrick's Day Wed 17 Mar 1982
Good Friday Fri 9 Apr 1982
Easter Monday Mon 12 Apr 1982
May Day Mon 3 May 1982
June Holiday Mon 7 Jun 1982
August Holiday Mon 2 Aug 1982
October Holiday Mon 25 Oct 1982
Christmas Day Sat 25 Dec 1982
St. Stephen's Day Sun 26 Dec 1982
New Year's Day Sat 1 Jan 1983
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 7 Feb 1983
Saint Patrick's Day Thu 17 Mar 1983
Good Friday Fri 1 Apr 1983
Easter Monday Mon 4 Apr 1983
May Day Mon 2 May 1983
June Holiday Mon 6 Jun 1983
August Holiday Mon 1 Aug 1983
October Holiday Mon 31 Oct 1983
Christmas Day Sun 25 Dec 1983
St. Stephen's Day Mon 26 Dec 1983
New Year's Day Sun 1 Jan 1984
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 6 Feb 1984
Saint Patrick's Day Sat 17 Mar 1984
Good Friday Fri 20 Apr 1984
Easter Monday Mon 23 Apr 1984
May Day Mon 7 May 1984
June Holiday Mon 4 Jun 1984
August Holiday Mon 6 Aug 1984
October Holiday Mon 29 Oct 1984
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 1984
St. Stephen's Day Wed 26 Dec 1984
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 1985
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 4 Feb 1985
Saint Patrick's Day Sun 17 Mar 1985
Good Friday Fri 5 Apr 1985
Easter Monday Mon 8 Apr 1985
May Day Mon 6 May 1985
June Holiday Mon 3 Jun 1985
August Holiday Mon 5 Aug 1985
October Holiday Mon 28 Oct 1985
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 1985
St. Stephen's Day Thu 26 Dec 1985
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 1986
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 3 Feb 1986
Saint Patrick's Day Mon 17 Mar 1986
Good Friday Fri 28 Mar 1986
Easter Monday Mon 31 Mar 1986
May Day Mon 5 May 1986
June Holiday Mon 2 Jun 1986
August Holiday Mon 4 Aug 1986
October Holiday Mon 27 Oct 1986
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 1986
St. Stephen's Day Fri 26 Dec 1986
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 1987
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 2 Feb 1987
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 1987
Good Friday Fri 17 Apr 1987
Easter Monday Mon 20 Apr 1987
May Day Mon 4 May 1987
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 1987
August Holiday Mon 3 Aug 1987
October Holiday Mon 26 Oct 1987
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 1987
St. Stephen's Day Sat 26 Dec 1987
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 1988
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 1 Feb 1988
Saint Patrick's Day Thu 17 Mar 1988
Good Friday Fri 1 Apr 1988
Easter Monday Mon 4 Apr 1988
May Day Mon 2 May 1988
June Holiday Mon 6 Jun 1988
August Holiday Mon 1 Aug 1988
October Holiday Mon 31 Oct 1988
Christmas Day Sun 25 Dec 1988
St. Stephen's Day Mon 26 Dec 1988
New Year's Day Sun 1 Jan 1989
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 6 Feb 1989
Saint Patrick's Day Fri 17 Mar 1989
Good Friday Fri 24 Mar 1989
Easter Monday Mon 27 Mar 1989
May Day Mon 1 May 1989
June Holiday Mon 5 Jun 1989
August Holiday Mon 7 Aug 1989
October Holiday Mon 30 Oct 1989
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 1989
St. Stephen's Day Tue 26 Dec 1989
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 1990
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 5 Feb 1990
Saint Patrick's Day Sat 17 Mar 1990
Good Friday Fri 13 Apr 1990
Easter Monday Mon 16 Apr 1990
May Day Mon 7 May 1990
June Holiday Mon 4 Jun 1990
August Holiday Mon 6 Aug 1990
October Holiday Mon 29 Oct 1990
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 1990
St. Stephen's Day Wed 26 Dec 1990
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 1991
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 4 Feb 1991
Saint Patrick's Day Sun 17 Mar 1991
Good Friday Fri 29 Mar 1991
Easter Monday Mon 1 Apr 1991
May Day Mon 6 May 1991
June Holiday Mon 3 Jun 1991
August Holiday Mon 5 Aug 1991
October Holiday Mon 28 Oct 1991
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 1991
St. Stephen's Day Thu 26 Dec 1991
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 1992
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 3 Feb 1992
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 1992
Good Friday Fri 17 Apr 1992
Easter Monday Mon 20 Apr 1992
May Day Mon 4 May 1992
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 1992
August Holiday Mon 3 Aug 1992
October Holiday Mon 26 Oct 1992
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 1992
St. Stephen's Day Sat 26 Dec 1992
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 1993
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 1 Feb 1993
Saint Patrick's Day Wed 17 Mar 1993
Good Friday Fri 9 Apr 1993
Easter Monday Mon 12 Apr 1993
May Day Mon 3 May 1993
June Holiday Mon 7 Jun 1993
August Holiday Mon 2 Aug 1993
October Holiday Mon 25 Oct 1993
Christmas Day Sat 25 Dec 1993
St. Stephen's Day Sun 26 Dec 1993
New Year's Day Sat 1 Jan 1994
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 7 Feb 1994
Saint Patrick's Day Thu 17 Mar 1994
Good Friday Fri 1 Apr 1994
Easter Monday Mon 4 Apr 1994
May Day Mon 2 May 1994
June Holiday Mon 6 Jun 1994
August Holiday Mon 1 Aug 1994
October Holiday Mon 31 Oct 1994
Christmas Day Sun 25 Dec 1994
St. Stephen's Day Mon 26 Dec 1994
New Year's Day Sun 1 Jan 1995
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 6 Feb 1995
Saint Patrick's Day Fri 17 Mar 1995
Good Friday Fri 14 Apr 1995
Easter Monday Mon 17 Apr 1995
May Day Mon 1 May 1995
June Holiday Mon 5 Jun 1995
August Holiday Mon 7 Aug 1995
October Holiday Mon 30 Oct 1995
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 1995
St. Stephen's Day Tue 26 Dec 1995
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 1996
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 5 Feb 1996
Saint Patrick's Day Sun 17 Mar 1996
Good Friday Fri 5 Apr 1996
Easter Monday Mon 8 Apr 1996
May Day Mon 6 May 1996
June Holiday Mon 3 Jun 1996
August Holiday Mon 5 Aug 1996
October Holiday Mon 28 Oct 1996
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 1996
St. Stephen's Day Thu 26 Dec 1996
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 1997
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 3 Feb 1997
Saint Patrick's Day Mon 17 Mar 1997
Good Friday Fri 28 Mar 1997
Easter Monday Mon 31 Mar 1997
May Day Mon 5 May 1997
June Holiday Mon 2 Jun 1997
August Holiday Mon 4 Aug 1997
October Holiday Mon 27 Oct 1997
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 1997
St. Stephen's Day Fri 26 Dec 1997
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 1998
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 2 Feb 1998
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 1998
Good Friday Fri 10 Apr 1998
Easter Monday Mon 13 Apr 1998
May Day Mon 4 May 1998
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 1998
August Holiday Mon 3 Aug 1998
October Holiday Mon 26 Oct 1998
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 1998
St. Stephen's Day Sat 26 Dec 1998
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 1999
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 1 Feb 1999
Saint Patrick's Day Wed 17 Mar 1999
Good Friday Fri 2 Apr 1999
Easter Monday Mon 5 Apr 1999
May Day Mon 3 May 1999
June Holiday Mon 7 Jun 1999
August Holiday Mon 2 Aug 1999
October Holiday Mon 25 Oct 1999
Christmas Day Sat 25 Dec 1999
St. Stephen's Day Sun 26 Dec 1999
New Year's Day Sat 1 Jan 2000
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 7 Feb 2000
Saint Patrick's Day Fri 17 Mar 2000
Good Friday Fri 21 Apr 2000
Easter Monday Mon 24 Apr 2000
May Day Mon 1 May 2000
June Holiday Mon 5 Jun 2000
August Holiday Mon 7 Aug 2000
October Holiday Mon 30 Oct 2000
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2000
St. Stephen's Day Tue 26 Dec 2000
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2001
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 5 Feb 2001
Saint Patrick's Day Sat 17 Mar 2001
Good Friday Fri 13 Apr 2001
Easter Monday Mon 16 Apr 2001
May Day Mon 7 May 2001
June Holiday Mon 4 Jun 2001
August Holiday Mon 6 Aug 2001
October Holiday Mon 29 Oct 2001
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2001
St. Stephen's Day Wed 26 Dec 2001
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2002
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 4 Feb 2002
Saint Patrick's Day Sun 17 Mar 2002
Good Friday Fri 29 Mar 2002
Easter Monday Mon 1 Apr 2002
May Day Mon 6 May 2002
June Holiday Mon 3 Jun 2002
August Holiday Mon 5 Aug 2002
October Holiday Mon 28 Oct 2002
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2002
St. Stephen's Day Thu 26 Dec 2002
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2003
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 3 Feb 2003
Saint Patrick's Day Mon 17 Mar 2003
Good Friday Fri 18 Apr 2003
Easter Monday Mon 21 Apr 2003
May Day Mon 5 May 2003
June Holiday Mon 2 Jun 2003
August Holiday Mon 4 Aug 2003
October Holiday Mon 27 Oct 2003
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2003
St. Stephen's Day Fri 26 Dec 2003
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2004
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 2 Feb 2004
Saint Patrick's Day Wed 17 Mar 2004
Good Friday Fri 9 Apr 2004
Easter Monday Mon 12 Apr 2004
May Day Mon 3 May 2004
June Holiday Mon 7 Jun 2004
August Holiday Mon 2 Aug 2004
October Holiday Mon 25 Oct 2004
Christmas Day Sat 25 Dec 2004
St. Stephen's Day Sun 26 Dec 2004
New Year's Day Sat 1 Jan 2005
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 7 Feb 2005
Saint Patrick's Day Thu 17 Mar 2005
Good Friday Fri 25 Mar 2005
Easter Monday Mon 28 Mar 2005
May Day Mon 2 May 2005
June Holiday Mon 6 Jun 2005
August Holiday Mon 1 Aug 2005
October Holiday Mon 31 Oct 2005
Christmas Day Sun 25 Dec 2005
St. Stephen's Day Mon 26 Dec 2005
New Year's Day Sun 1 Jan 2006
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 6 Feb 2006
Saint Patrick's Day Fri 17 Mar 2006
Good Friday Fri 14 Apr 2006
Easter Monday Mon 17 Apr 2006
May Day Mon 1 May 2006
June Holiday Mon 5 Jun 2006
August Holiday Mon 7 Aug 2006
October Holiday Mon 30 Oct 2006
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2006
St. Stephen's Day Tue 26 Dec 2006
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2007
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 5 Feb 2007
Saint Patrick's Day Sat 17 Mar 2007
Good Friday Fri 6 Apr 2007
Easter Monday Mon 9 Apr 2007
May Day Mon 7 May 2007
June Holiday Mon 4 Jun 2007
August Holiday Mon 6 Aug 2007
October Holiday Mon 29 Oct 2007
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2007
St. Stephen's Day Wed 26 Dec 2007
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2008
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 4 Feb 2008
Saint Patrick's Day Mon 17 Mar 2008
Good Friday Fri 21 Mar 2008
Easter Monday Mon 24 Mar 2008
May Day Mon 5 May 2008
June Holiday Mon 2 Jun 2008
August Holiday Mon 4 Aug 2008
October Holiday Mon 27 Oct 2008
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2008
St. Stephen's Day Fri 26 Dec 2008
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2009
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 2 Feb 2009
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 2009
Good Friday Fri 10 Apr 2009
Easter Monday Mon 13 Apr 2009
May Day Mon 4 May 2009
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 2009
August Holiday Mon 3 Aug 2009
October Holiday Mon 26 Oct 2009
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2009
St. Stephen's Day Sat 26 Dec 2009
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2010
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 1 Feb 2010
Saint Patrick's Day Wed 17 Mar 2010
Good Friday Fri 2 Apr 2010
Easter Monday Mon 5 Apr 2010
May Day Mon 3 May 2010
June Holiday Mon 7 Jun 2010
August Holiday Mon 2 Aug 2010
October Holiday Mon 25 Oct 2010
Christmas Day Sat 25 Dec 2010
St. Stephen's Day Sun 26 Dec 2010
New Year's Day Sat 1 Jan 2011
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 7 Feb 2011
Saint Patrick's Day Thu 17 Mar 2011
Good Friday Fri 22 Apr 2011
Easter Monday Mon 25 Apr 2011
May Day Mon 2 May 2011
June Holiday Mon 6 Jun 2011
August Holiday Mon 1 Aug 2011
October Holiday Mon 31 Oct 2011
Christmas Day Sun 25 Dec 2011
St. Stephen's Day Mon 26 Dec 2011
New Year's Day Sun 1 Jan 2012
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 6 Feb 2012
Saint Patrick's Day Sat 17 Mar 2012
Good Friday Fri 6 Apr 2012
Easter Monday Mon 9 Apr 2012
May Day Mon 7 May 2012
June Holiday Mon 4 Jun 2012
August Holiday Mon 6 Aug 2012
October Holiday Mon 29 Oct 2012
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2012
St. Stephen's Day Wed 26 Dec 2012
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2013
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 4 Feb 2013
Saint Patrick's Day Sun 17 Mar 2013
Good Friday Fri 29 Mar 2013
Easter Monday Mon 1 Apr 2013
May Day Mon 6 May 2013
June Holiday Mon 3 Jun 2013
August Holiday Mon 5 Aug 2013
October Holiday Mon 28 Oct 2013
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2013
St. Stephen's Day Thu 26 Dec 2013
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2014
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 3 Feb 2014
Saint Patrick's Day Mon 17 Mar 2014
Good Friday Fri 18 Apr 2014
Easter Monday Mon 21 Apr 2014
May Day Mon 5 May 2014
June Holiday Mon 2 Jun 2014
August Holiday Mon 4 Aug 2014
October Holiday Mon 27 Oct 2014
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2014
St. Stephen's Day Fri 26 Dec 2014
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2015
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 2 Feb 2015
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 2015
Good Friday Fri 3 Apr 2015
Easter Monday Mon 6 Apr 2015
May Day Mon 4 May 2015
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 2015
August Holiday Mon 3 Aug 2015
October Holiday Mon 26 Oct 2015
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2015
St. Stephen's Day Sat 26 Dec 2015
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2016
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 1 Feb 2016
Saint Patrick's Day Thu 17 Mar 2016
Good Friday Fri 25 Mar 2016
Easter Monday Mon 28 Mar 2016
May Day Mon 2 May 2016
June Holiday Mon 6 Jun 2016
August Holiday Mon 1 Aug 2016
October Holiday Mon 31 Oct 2016
Christmas Day Sun 25 Dec 2016
St. Stephen's Day Mon 26 Dec 2016
New Year's Day Sun 1 Jan 2017
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 6 Feb 2017
Saint Patrick's Day Fri 17 Mar 2017
Good Friday Fri 14 Apr 2017
Easter Monday Mon 17 Apr 2017
May Day Mon 1 May 2017
June Holiday Mon 5 Jun 2017
August Holiday Mon 7 Aug 2017
October Holiday Mon 30 Oct 2017
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2017
St. Stephen's Day Tue 26 Dec 2017
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2018
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 5 Feb 2018
Saint Patrick's Day Sat 17 Mar 2018
Good Friday Fri 30 Mar 2018
Easter Monday Mon 2 Apr 2018
May Day Mon 7 May 2018
June Holiday Mon 4 Jun 2018
August Holiday Mon 6 Aug 2018
October Holiday Mon 29 Oct 2018
Christmas Day Tue 25 Dec 2018
St. Stephen's Day Wed 26 Dec 2018
New Year's Day Tue 1 Jan 2019
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 4 Feb 2019
Saint Patrick's Day Sun 17 Mar 2019
Good Friday Fri 19 Apr 2019
Easter Monday Mon 22 Apr 2019
May Day Mon 6 May 2019
June Holiday Mon 3 Jun 2019
August Holiday Mon 5 Aug 2019
October Holiday Mon 28 Oct 2019
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2019
St. Stephen's Day Thu 26 Dec 2019
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2020
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 3 Feb 2020
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 2020
Good Friday Fri 10 Apr 2020
Easter Monday Mon 13 Apr 2020
May Day Mon 4 May 2020
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 2020
August Holiday Mon 3 Aug 2020
October Holiday Mon 26 Oct 2020
Christmas Day Fri 25 Dec 2020
St. Stephen's Day Sat 26 Dec 2020
New Year's Day Fri 1 Jan 2021
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 1 Feb 2021
Saint Patrick's Day Wed 17 Mar 2021
Good Friday Fri 2 Apr 2021
Easter Monday Mon 5 Apr 2021
May Day Mon 3 May 2021
June Holiday Mon 7 Jun 2021
August Holiday Mon 2 Aug 2021
October Holiday Mon 25 Oct 2021
Christmas Day Sat 25 Dec 2021
St. Stephen's Day Sun 26 Dec 2021
New Year's Day Sat 1 Jan 2022
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 7 Feb 2022
Saint Patrick's Day Thu 17 Mar 2022
Good Friday Fri 15 Apr 2022
Easter Monday Mon 18 Apr 2022
May Day Mon 2 May 2022
June Holiday Mon 6 Jun 2022
August Holiday Mon 1 Aug 2022
October Holiday Mon 31 Oct 2022
Christmas Day Sun 25 Dec 2022
St. Stephen's Day Mon 26 Dec 2022
New Year's Day Sun 1 Jan 2023
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 6 Feb 2023
Saint Patrick's Day Fri 17 Mar 2023
Good Friday Fri 7 Apr 2023
Easter Monday Mon 10 Apr 2023
May Day Mon 1 May 2023
June Holiday Mon 5 Jun 2023
August Holiday Mon 7 Aug 2023
October Holiday Mon 30 Oct 2023
Christmas Day Mon 25 Dec 2023
St. Stephen's Day Tue 26 Dec 2023
New Year's Day Mon 1 Jan 2024
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 5 Feb 2024
Saint Patrick's Day Sun 17 Mar 2024
Good Friday Fri 29 Mar 2024
Easter Monday Mon 1 Apr 2024
May Day Mon 6 May 2024
June Holiday Mon 3 Jun 2024
August Holiday Mon 5 Aug 2024
October Holiday Mon 28 Oct 2024
Christmas Day Wed 25 Dec 2024
St. Stephen's Day Thu 26 Dec 2024
New Year's Day Wed 1 Jan 2025
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 3 Feb 2025
Saint Patrick's Day Mon 17 Mar 2025
Good Friday Fri 18 Apr 2025
Easter Monday Mon 21 Apr 2025
May Day Mon 5 May 2025
June Holiday Mon 2 Jun 2025
August Holiday Mon 4 Aug 2025
October Holiday Mon 27 Oct 2025
Christmas Day Thu 25 Dec 2025
St. Stephen's Day Fri 26 Dec 2025
New Year's Day Thu 1 Jan 2026
Saint Brigid's Day Mon 2 Feb 2026
Saint Patrick's Day Tue 17 Mar 2026
Good Friday Fri 3 Apr 2026
Easter Monday Mon 6 Apr 2026
May Day Mon 4 May 2026
June Holiday Mon 1 Jun 2026

Preguntas frecuentes

What counts as a business day?

In CivicCalendar a business day is a Monday–Friday that is not a legal holiday in Ireland. Saturdays and Sundays are not counted.

Is the start day included?

Yes. In “Between two dates” mode both dates are inclusive. In “Add business days”, counting starts on the start date if that date is a business day.

Are regional holidays considered?

National holidays and regional holidays defined for the country are used. If a regional holiday does not apply to your area, the result may differ.

Is this an official calculation?

It is indicative according to current legislation and calendars loaded on the site. For critical legal or labor deadlines, confirm with the relevant rule or authority.